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Electrical conductivity indicates how readily water carries current because of dissolved ions. Water hardness, in contrast, reflects mainly dissolved calcium and magnesium. Two waters can have similar conductivity but different hardness, with different implications for textile chemicals and deposits.

Two textile materials may match under one light source but look different under another because their spectral reflectances differ. This is metamerism. It commonly matters when polyester fabric, sewing thread, rib, labels and trims are dyed with different formulations.

Mesh fabric performance depends on open-area fraction, aperture shape, knit density, thickness and stretch. A visually open mesh often allows more air to pass, but a product's air-permeability result must be tested at a defined pressure difference—not estimated from a photograph or GSM alone.

Snagging is a protruding or displaced yarn or filament pulled from a fabric surface. Pilling is the formation of entangled fibre balls attached to that surface. The causes, visual severity and laboratory tests differ, so one good pilling grade cannot establish snagging resistance.

Positive yarn feeders deliver controlled yarn length to circular knitting needles. When a drive belt slips, a feeder may deliver a different amount of yarn from its neighbours, changing loop length, fabric cover and potentially creating repeated horizontal shade or texture bars.

Knitted polyester stretches in multiple directions, so bursting methods can provide useful strength data. A mechanical ball-burst test drives a rounded probe into fabric, whereas diaphragm methods inflate a membrane beneath the clamped textile. The loading geometry and reported units differ; results cannot be converted by a universal factor.

Bulk density measures the apparent mass per occupied volume of a bed of PET chips, including void spaces between particles. Variation can affect volumetric handling, hopper levels and feeding consistency, particularly where equipment controls volume rather than mass. It is distinct from true polymer density and does not directly measure melt viscosity.

Heat setting can stabilize polyester knit dimensions, but polyester-elastane blends contain an elastic component whose recovery may deteriorate under unsuitable thermal and mechanical exposure. Temperature, dwell time, imposed width and fabric tension must be optimized together instead of selecting the highest available setting.

Synthetic microfibres may detach from textiles during laundering, surface abrasion and garment wear. Dry rubbing and washing impose different physical stresses and use different collection methods, so raw particle counts cannot be treated as the same release metric. Fabric surface structure, filament damage and wash protocols all influence results.